Diabetes Mellitus Essay Example

Diabetes Mellitus Essay Example Diabetes Mellitus Paper Diabetes Mellitus Paper The Type 2 diabetes mellitus (also known as ‘adult-onset diabetes’ or ‘non-insulin diabetes’) is a chronic condition characterized by a rise in level of glucose (sugar) in blood, due to the abnormal manner of metabolism of insulin by the body, and body becomes less resistant to the effect of insulin (a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates the level of sugar in the body). The condition develops widespread symptoms and if untreated can make the person die. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, the other form being gestational diabetes and type 1 diabetes. One of the most preventable forms of diabetes is type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the disorder is still in rise due to sedentary lifestyle and dietary changes followed by the you and me. It is important to remember that there is no cure or hope for it, for the disorder, and lifestyle, dietary and medical changes may be required for the rest of somebody’s life. The condition more often occurs in adults, but recently there has also been a rise in the children. About 8 to 45 % of all new diabetes cases found in children are from the pediatric age groups (Silvio E. Inzucchi, 2007, Kevin Peterson, 2007, Eric Felner, 2008). Exact cause for type 2 diabetes is not understood by many, but it may usually be a decrease in the insulin secretion, resistance to insulin secretion, improper manner of the body of using insulin, or a combination of several factors, may play a role in the development of the disorder. When the glucose is consumed in the diet, it is absorbed into the bloodstream, and once the sugar enters the blood, insulin helps to control the level. It controls the manner in which the cell would be utilizing glucose for metabolism. Insulin helps to decrease the level of the glucose and increasing storage as glycogen in the liver and the muscle cells. Once the level of glucose in the blood drops, the insulin level also decreases. From the liver, the glucose may be transported to other parts of the blood, once the insulin level decreases. In individuals suffering from diabetes type 2, the insulin may be defective in quality or the cells may be resistant to the action of insulin, leading to improper usage by the cells and a rise in the blood. Besides, in diabetes, the muscle and the fat tissues tend to react abnormally to the insulin (Silvio E. Inzucchi, 2007, Mayo, 2007, Elizabeth H. Holt, 2008). In the general population of US, about 7 % are affected with Type 2 diabetes. More than 15 % of the elderly population is affected with diabetes type 2. Hispanics, Native Americans and African-Americans are at a higher risk of developing diabetes type 2. The incidences of the disease may be two to three times than that of White people. In actual sense, several of these populations are resistant to diabetes in their homeland. However, once they have migrated to the US, the inability to adapt to the US diet and lifestyle increases them to develop the disease. Diabetes type 2 is a disorder that tends to occur more often in families. Having an affected mother or father increases the risk of developing the disorder (Silvio E. Inzucchi, 2007, Preeti Kishore, 2008, Elizabeth H. Holt, 2008). There may be several risk factors for developing diabetes including:- Having a close family member or relative suffer from the disorder Having a twin identical twin – 100 % risk (higher risk than a non-identical twin) Elderly age group (especially people crossing 65 years) Obesity or overweight Sedentary lifestyle Lack of exercise Those with high waist to hip ratios History of gestational diabetes Having babies weighing greater than 9 pounds Presence of heart disease High cholesterol levels in the blood History of polycystic ovarian disease History of an impaired glucose tolerance test result Hypertension Certain races or ethnic groups History of prediabetes (Silvio E. Inzucchi, 2007, Preeti Kishore, 2008, Elizabeth H. Holt, 2008, Mayo, 2008) Method(s) of diagnosis Diagnosis of diabetes type 2 is made based on that person’s history, symptoms, signs, physical examination, urine sugar tests, blood sugar tests, oral glucose tolerance tests, hemoglobin A1C tests, and other tests. A fasting blood sugar of above 125 mg/dl and a random blood sugar of 200 mg/dl of blood are diagnostic of diabetes mellitus. If the glucose level is above 200 mg/dl of blood after two hours of glucose tolerance test, it is suggestive of diabetes. HBAIC tests are also very useful not only to determine the past levels of glucose over the last 3 to 6 months, but also to monitor the condition (Elizabeth H. Holt, 2008, Mayo, 2007, Silvio E. Inzucchi, 2007). Symptoms and complications of the disorder An individual who develops type 2 diabetes can have a range of signs, problems and symptoms. These usually develop due to the increased levels of glucose present in the blood or due to complications. Some symptoms of type 2 diabetes include blurriness of the vision, polyphagia, polydipsia, tiredness, hunger, polyuria, weight loss, loss of appetite, drowsiness, nausea, poor tolerance to exercise or increased physical activity, dehydration, frequent infection, mental confusions, seizures, etc. Bladder, vaginal and skin infections are frequent in diabetic individuals or wounds take very long to heal. To get rid of the excess sugar in the blood, the body eliminates the sugar in the urine once it reaches the level of 180 mg per dl of blood. To get rid of the excess sugar in the blood, water is lost, leading to polyuria. The individual would have to consume high amounts of water in order to meet this water shortage. As there is loss of calories through urine, the individual tends to lose weight. Hence, hunger is a common. Due to the excessive present of sugar in the blood, the fluids tend to accumulate and even in the tissues of the eyeball, there is high intra-ocular pressure leading to blurring of vision. In certain cases, especially when high amounts of glucose is lost in the urine, there would be a drop in the blood glucose level leading to hypoglycemia leading to several symptoms such as tiredness, fainting, breathlessness, etc. Acanthosis nigricans is a condition characterized by the formation of dark shiny patches on skin folds (Elizabeth H. Holt, 2008, Mayo, 2007, Preeti Kishore, 2008, Eric Felner, 2008, Kevin Peterson, 2007). People affected with type 2 diabetes can develop several symptoms especially during the later stages of the disease. Several organs including the heart, lungs, brain, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, etc are troubled. The blood sugar levels may often drop especially during periods of stress leading to a condition known as ‘hypoglycemia’. Diabetic hyperosmolar coma is a condition characterized by a rise in the blood glucose level resulting in confusion, seizures, seizures, sweating and drowsiness, etc. In individuals who tend to fast more, fat is broken down excessively resulting in the production of toxic substances ‘ketones’. The individual may develop several symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fever, stomach pain, sickly ketone odor, etc. This condition is known as ‘diabetic ketoacidosis’. The heart and the blood vessels are also affected resulting in coronary heart disease, angina, stroke, hypertension, etc. Risk of stroke increases several fold in individuals suffering from diabetes. The blood vessels that supply the nerve endings are also affected resulting in nerve disorders. The individual would have tingling, burning sensations, numbness, etc, in various parts of the body including the fingers, toes, etc. Besides, the nerves of the autonomic nervous system may also be involved. Kidney damage may also occur resulting in kidney failure. The blood vessels of the eye may also be involved resulting in blindness. The bone density decreases leading to osteoporosis (Mayo, 2007, Preeti Kishore, 2008, Elizabeth H. Holt, 2008). Treatment of the disorder There are several modes which are required to help treat the condition. However, currently no cure is available for diabetes. Some measures include:- Monitoring glucose levels to ensure that the sugar levels are within control. Lifestyle changes including those involving diet (avoid sugars), physically active, keeping away from alcohol and tobacco, and managing stress more effectively. Insulin therapy to help control the level of sugar in the body. It is given in the form of injections. The individual can use subcutaneous injections or an insulin pump. Several forms of insulin fast-acting, slow-acting, intermediate forms or combinations are available which can help to control the blood glucose levels as and when required. Oral hypoglycemic agents are required because insulin may not be very effective in type 2 diabetics. The two groups of drugs which are utilized include sulfonylureas and biguanides. Sulfonylureas encourage the pancreas to produce greater amounts of insulin, whereas biguanides improve the reaction of the cells and tissues towards insulin. Insulin can also delivered in the form of nasal sprays. Foot care is every essential for diabetics as a small wound can result in gangrene and leg amputations (Silvio E. Inzucchi, 2007, Kevin Peterson, 2007, Eric Felner, 2008, Mayo, 2007, Preeti Kishore, 2008). Methods of prevention There are several means which can help to prevent the diabetes. The measures should especially be followed when the risk of the diabetes are high. The individual should consume healthy food, rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals. The intake of fats and carbohydrates should be controlled. Physical activity may be required for about 30 minutes everyday. Individuals who are overweight or obese should consider losing weight. A weight loss of 5 kilograms should significantly help reduce the risk of developing diabetes. Oral hypoglycemic agents have also been administered in individuals with high risk of developing the disease, and studies have shown that it helps to prevent the disease to certain extents (Eric Felner, 2008, Mayo, 2007). Directions for future research Current field of research is the introduction of insulin-producing cells in various organs of the body so that the level of insulin can be improved and help control diabetes. However, immune cells can destroy these transplanted cells and hence require immune-suppression. Newer techniques are aiming to prevent the need for immune-suppression (Preeti Kishore, 2008). Several research studies are trying to determine the cause for the higher incidences of diabetes in the pediatric population. They are also defining effective ways of reducing the risk for type 2 diabetes in these populations (Kevin Peterson, 2007). Conclusion Diabetes type 2 seems to be a disease which has affected mankind from a long time, and today it is affecting the even our children. Modern and westernized lifestyles are only increasing the chances of developing the disease, and science cannot help lower the incidence of it. Studies should concentrate on increasing the preventive aspects of the disease. Today diabetes groups are concentrating heavily on developing newer drugs and insulin introduction methods to treat the disease. However, it is important to note that preventive methods can be utilized effectively, even in the high risk groups. Felner, E. and F. Kaufman. â€Å"Type 2 Diabetes in Children. † The Hormone Foundation July (2008). (Journal) Holt, Elizabeth H. â€Å"Diabetes. † 17 June 2008. Medline Plus. 6 December 2008 nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001214. htm (Web site) Holt, Elizabeth H. â€Å"Type 2 Diabetes. † 17 June 2008. Medline Plus. 6 December 2008 nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000313. htm (Web site) Inzucchi , Silvio E, and Robert S. Sherwin. Goldman: Cecil Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2007. (Textbook) Kishore, Preeti. â€Å"Diabetes Mellitus. † June 2008. Merck Manual. 6 December 2008 merck. com/mmhe/sec13/ch165/ch165a. html (Web site) Mayo Clinic Staff. â€Å"Type 2 Diabetes Introduction. † 24 October 2008. Mayo Clinic. 6 December 2008 mayoclinic. com/health/type-2-diabetes/DS00585 (Web site) Mayo Clinic Staff. â€Å"Type 2 Diabetes Symptoms. † 24 October 2008. Mayo Clinic. 6 December 2008 mayoclinic. com/health/type-2-diabetes/DS00585/DSECTION=symptoms (Web site) Mayo Clinic Staff. â€Å"Type 2 Diabetes – Test and Diagnosis. † 24 October 2008. Mayo Clinic. 6 December 2008 mayoclinic. com/health/type-2-diabetes/DS00585/DSECTION=tests-and-diagnosis (Web site) Mayo Clinic Staff. â€Å"Type 2 Diabetes – Treatment and Drugs. † 24 October 2008. Mayo Clinic. 6 December 2008 mayoclinic. com/health/type-2-diabetes/DS00585/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs (Web site) Peterson, Kevin. â€Å"Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Youth: An Update. † American Family Physician 76. 5 (2007): 658-664. (Journal)

Biography of Marcel Duchamp, Modern Art Revolutionary

Biography of Marcel Duchamp, Modern Art Revolutionary The French-American artist Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968) was an innovator, working across mediums such as painting, sculpture, collages, short films, body art, and found objects. Known as both a pioneer and a troublemaker, Duchamp is associated with several modern art movements, including  Dadaism,  Cubism, and  Surrealism, and is credited for paving the way for  Pop,  Minimal, and Conceptual art. Fast Facts: Marcel Duchamp Full Name: Marcel Duchamp, also known as Rrose Sà ©lavyOccupation: ArtistBorn:  July 28, 1887 in Blainville, Normandy, FranceParents Names: Eugene and Lucie DuchampDied: October 2, 1968 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, FranceEducation: One year of school at the Ecole des Beaux Artes in Paris (flunked out)Famous Quotes: The painting is no longer a decoration to be hung in the dining room or living room. We have thought of other things to use as decoration. Early Years Duchamp was born on July 28, 1887, the fourth child of seven born to Lucie and Eugene Duchamp. His father was a notary, but there was art in the family. Two of Duchamps elder brothers were successful artists: the painter Jacques Villon (1875–1963) and the sculptor Raymond Duchamp-Villon (1876–1918). In addition, Duchamps mother Lucie was an amateur artist and his grandfather was an engraver. When Duchamp came of age, Eugene willingly supported his son Marcels career in art. Duchamp made his first painting,  Church in Blainville, at  the age of 15, and  enrolled in the Academie Jullian at Pariss École des Beaux-Arts. In a series of interviews published after his death, Duchamp is quoted as saying he couldnt remember any of the teachers he had, and that he spent the mornings playing billiards rather than going to the studio. He ended up flunking out after one year. From Cubism to Dadaism to Surrealism Duchamps artistic life spanned several decades, during which he reinvented his art time and again, often offending critics sensibilities along the way. Duchamp spent most of those years alternating between Paris and New York. He mingled with the New York art scene, forging close friendships with American artist  Man Ray, historian Jacques Martin Barzun, writer Henri-Pierre Rochà ©, composer Edgar Varà ¨se, and painters Francisco Picabia and Jean Crotti, among others.   Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase No. 2 (1912). Public domain. ​ Nude Descending a Staircase (No. 2)  deeply offended the Cubists, because although it selected the color palette and form of Cubism, it added a reference to explicit perpetual motion and was seen as a dehumanized rendering of the female nude. The painting also created a big scandal at the 1913 New York Armory Show of Europe, after which Duchamp was heartily embraced by the New York crowd of Dadaists. Marcel Duchamp, Bicycle Wheel (1913). Dan Kitwood / Getty Images Bicycle Wheel  (1913) was the first of Duchamps readymades: primarily manufactured objects with one or two minor tweaks to the form. In Bicycle Wheel, the fork and wheel of a bicycle are mounted on a stool. The Bride Stripped Bare by her Bachelors, Even  or  The Large Glass  (1915–1923) is a two-paned glass window with an image assembled out of lead foil, fuse wire, and dust. The upper panel illustrates an insect-like bride and the lower panel features the silhouettes of nine suitors, shooting their attention in her direction. The work broke during shipment in 1926; Duchamp repaired it about a decade later, saying, Its a lot better with the breaks. DidBaroness Elsa SubmitThe Fountain? Marcel Duchamp, The Fountain (1916). Photographed by Alfred Stieglitz. Public domain. There is a rumor that  The Fountain  was not submitted to New York Independents Art Show by Duchamp, but rather by the Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, another Dada artist who played with gender and performance art and was among the more outrageous characters of the New York art scene. While the original is long gone, there are 17 copies in different museums around the world, all assigned to Duchamp. After Renouncing Art Marcel Duchamp, Etant donnes (1946-1966). Mixed media assemblage.  © Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris / Succession Marcel Duchamp. Fair use. In 1923, Duchamp publicly renounced art, saying he would spend his life on chess. He was very good at chess and was on several French chess tournament teams. More or less secretly, however, he continued work from 1923 to 1946 under the name Rrose Sà ©lavy. He also continued to produce readymades. Etant donnes  was Duchamps last work. He made it in secret and wanted it shown only after his death. The work consists of a wooden door set in a brick frame. Inside the door are two peepholes, through which the viewer can see a deeply disturbing scene of a naked woman lying on a bed of twigs and holding a lit gaslight. The Turkish artist Serkan Ãâ€"zkaya has suggested that the female figure in Etant donnes is, in some respects, a self-portrait of Duchamp, an idea also put forward in 2010 by artist Meeka Walsh in an essay in BorderCrossings.   Marriage andPersonal Life Duchamp described his mother as distant and cold and indifferent, and he felt that she preferred his younger sisters to him, a preference that had a profound effect on his self-esteem. Although he presented himself as cool and detached in interviews, some biographers believe that his art reflects the strenuous efforts he made to deal with his silent rage and unmet need for erotic closeness. Duchamp was married twice and had a long-term mistress. He also had a female alter ego, Rrose Sà ©lavy, whose name translates to Eros, such is life. Death and Legacy Marcel Duchamp died at his home in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France on October 2, 1968. He was buried in Rouen under the epitaph, Dailleurs, cest toujours les autres qui meurent (Besides, its always the others who die). To this day, he is remembered as one of the great innovators in modern art. He invented new ways of thinking about what art can be and radically transformed ideas about culture. Sources Cabanne, Pierre.  Dialogues with Marcel Duchamp. Trans. Padgett, Ron. London: Thames and Hudson, 1971. Print.Duchamp, Marcel, Rrose Sà ©lavy, and Ann Temkin. Of or By.  Grand Street  58 (1996): 57–72. Print.Frizzell, Nell. Duchamp and the Pissoir-Taking Sexual Politics of the Art World. The Guardian November 7 2014. Web.Giovanna, Zapperi. Marcel Duchamps Tonsure: Towards an Alternate Masculinity.  Oxford Art Journal  30.2 (2007): 291–303. Print.James, Carol Plyley. Marcel Duchamp, Naturalized American. The French Review 49.6 (1976): 1097–105. Print.Mershaw, Marc. Now You See Him, Now You Don’t: Duchamp From Beyond the Grave. The New York Times Sept. 29, 2017. Web.Paijmans, Door Theo. Het Urinoir Is Niet Van Duchamp (The iconic Fountain (1917) is not created by Marcel Duchamp).  See All This  10 (2018). Print.Pape, Gerard J. Marcel Duchamp.  American Imago  42.3 (1985): 255–67. Print.Rosenthal, Nan. Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968 ).  Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum 2004. Web. Spalding, Julian, and Glyn Thompson.  Did Marcel Duchamp Steal Elsas Urinal?  The Art Newspaper  262 (2014). Print.Speyer, A. James. Marcel Duchamp Exhibition.  Bulletin of the Art Institute of Chicago  (1973–1982) 68.1 (1974): 16–19. Print.Walsh, Meeka. The Gaze and the Guess: Fixing Identity in â€Å"Étant donnà ©s.† BorderCrossings 114. Web.

Supporting Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Supporting Activity - Essay Example The process is complemented by the cost factor, taking into account the budgeted funds and resources directed to the acquisition of systems. Cost becomes a major issue due to the fact that systems vary in quality, capacity, and pricing, and the acquiring firm only does so within its financial potential (Parno, McCune & Perrig, 2011). On the same note, the role to be played by these systems must be accounted for in ensuring that appropriate and effective systems are acquired. Once the required systems have been acquired, maintenance must be undertaken from time to time for the purpose of ensuring that the acquired systems serve their purpose both in the short run and long run. In maintenance, the commonly faced issues are repair and management, and system upgrading from time to time. Systems require repairs from time to time, making it necessary to effectively manage these systems. Expertise in both repair and management is critical in ensuring that these systems are properly maintained. On the same note, system upgrade cannot be avoided. System developers keep emerging with new and improved versions of the systems that have already been developed (Clements, et al. 2010). In this regard, upgrading systems is a common issue faced when maintaining